GLACIÈRES

OR

FREEZING CAVERNS

ICE SLOPE AND BASIN, KOLOWRATSHÖHLE.

GLACIÈRES

OR

FREEZING CAVERNS

BY

EDWIN SWIFT BALCH

A. B. (Harvard); F. R. G. S.
Member of the Franklin Institute
Of the Appalachian Mountain Club
Of the American Philosophical Society
Author of “Mountain Exploration,” &c.

Philadelphia
ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT
1900

Copyright, 1900, by
EDWIN SWIFT BALCH.

Press of
ALLEN, LANE & SCOTT,
Philadelphia, Pa.

THIS BOOK IS
AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO
MY MOTHER,
WHOSE DEEP INTEREST IN
MY WORK HAS
HELPED ME GREATLY.

PRELIMINARY NOTE.

Many kind friends have given me information aboutglacières or assistance in my work. I am especiallyindebted to Mr. Robert Butler, of San José, Cal.; Mr.F. H. Cushing, of Washington, D. C.; ProfessorCharles E. Fay, of Tufts College, Mass.; ProfessorEberhard Fugger, of Salzburg, Austria; Mr. Alois F.Kovarik, of Decorah, Iowa; Monsieur E. A. Martel, ofParis, France; Mr. John Ritchie, Jr., of Boston, Mass.;Professor I. C. Russell, of Ann Arbor, Mich.; Miss H.Varena, of Wiesbaden, Germany; and Miss Mary Coxe,Mr. G. L. Farnum, Mr. J. E. Farnum, Mr. F. L. Garrison,Mr. W. C. Hall, Mr. E. I. H. Howell, Mrs. HoraceJayne, Mr. W. E. Meehan, Mr. C. J. Nicholson, Mr. G. B.Phillips, Mr. Bunford Samuel, Mr. W. W. Wagner, andDr. W. H. Wahl, of Philadelphia. I wish to acknowledgealso the help I have derived from the Bibliothèque Nationaleand the library of the British Museum.

E. S. B.

Philadelphia, February the 10th, 1900.

CONTENTS.