Contemporary Socialism
BY JOHN RAE, M.A.
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED
New York
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1891
PREFACE.
In the present edition the original work has not only been carefullyrevised, but very considerably enlarged. The chapters on "The Progressand Present Position of Socialism" and "Russian Nihilism" contain a fewsentences retained from the first edition, but otherwise they areentirely new—the former necessarily so on account of the nature of itssubject, and the latter on account of the importance of the freshmaterials that have been recently given to the world. A new chapter hasbeen added on "Anarchism," and another, of considerable extent, on"State Socialism." No apology is required for the length of the latter,for though State socialism is only a growth of yesterday, it has alreadyspread everywhere, and if it is not superseding socialism proper, it iscertainly eclipsing it in practical importance, and to some extent evenmodifying it in character. Revolutionary socialism, growing moreopportunist of late years, seems losing much of its old phrenzy, andgetting domesticated into a shifty State socialism, fighting aparliamentary battle for minor, though still probably mischievous,changes within the lines of existing society, instead of the old war àl'outrance against existing society in whatever shape or form. Anyhowthe socialistic controversy in the immediate future will evidently befought along the[Pg vi] lines of State socialism. It is there the hostileparties meet, and it is well therefore to get, if we can, some moreexact knowledge of the ground. Some of the other chapters in the workhave been altered here and there for the purpose of bringing theirmatter, where necessary, down to date, or embodying fresh illustrativeevidence, or occasionally of making the exposition itself more lucid andeffective; but it is unnecessary to specify these alterations in detail.
April, 1891.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
Revival of Socialism, 1—Extinction of Old Types, 2—Main SurvivingType, Social Democracy, 3—Its Two Varieties, Socialist and Anarchist,4—Its Relations to Political Democracy, 4—Definition of Socialism,5—Cairnes on Mill's Profession of Socialism, 6—Ruling Characteristiccommon to Old and New Socialism, 9—State Socialism, 11—ConservativeSocialism, 13—The Minimum of Socialism, 14—First Rise ofSocial Democracy, 15—Rousseau, 16—Baboeuf, 17—Connection ofSocialism with Democracy, 18—The Danger to Free Institutions,24—Necessity and Probability of Wider Diffusion of Property, 25.
CHAPTER II.
THE PROGRESS AND PR
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