HISTORY

OF

MODERN EUROPE

1792-1878

BY

C. A. FYFFE, M.A.

Barrister-at-Law; Fellow of University College,Oxford;
Vice-President of the Royal Historical Society

POPULAR EDITION

With Maps

CONTENTS.

 PREFACE.

 PREFACE TO THE FIRSTEDITION.

 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONOF THE FIRST VOLUME.

 PREFACE TO THE SECONDVOLUME.

 CHAPTER I.

FRANCE AND GERMANY AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTIONARYWAR.

Outbreak of the Revolutionary War in 1792-Its immediatecauses- Declaration of Pillnitz made and withdrawn-Agitation ofthe Priests and Emigrants-War Policy of the Gironde-Provocationsoffered to France by the Powers-State of Central Europe in1792-The Holy Roman Empire-Austria- Rule of the Hapsburgs-TheReforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph II.-Policy of LeopoldII.-Government and Foreign Policy of Francis II.-Prussia-Government of Frederick William II.-Social Condition ofPrussia-Secondary States of Germany-Ecclesiastical States-FreeCities-Knights-Weakness of Germany

 CHAPTER II.

THE WAR, DOWN TO THE TREATIES OF BASLE AND THE ESTABLISHMENTOF THE DIRECTORY.

French and Austrian Armies on the Flemish Frontier-Prussiaenters the War-Brunswick invades France-HisProclamation-Insurrection of Aug. 10 at Paris-Massacres ofSeptember-Character of the War-Brunswick, checked at Valmy,retreats-The War becomes a Crusade of France-Neighbours ofFrance-Custine enters Mainz-Dumouriez conquers the AustrianNetherlands- Nice and Savoy annexed-Decree of the Conventionagainst all Governments- Execution of Louis XVI.-War withEngland, followed by war with the Mediterranean States-Conditionof England-English Parties, how affected by the Revolution-TheGironde and the Mountain-Austria recovers the Netherlands-TheAllies invade France-La Vendée-Revolutionary System of1793-Errors of the Allies-New French Commanders and DemocraticArmy-Victories of Jourdan, Hoche, and Pichegru-Prussiawithdrawing from the War-Polish Affairs-Austria abandons theNetherlands-Treaties of Basle-France in 1795-Insurrection of 13Vendémiaire-Constitution of 1795-The Directory-Effect ofthe Revolution on the Spirit of Europe up to 1795

CHAPTER III.

ITALIAN CAMPAIGNS: TREATY OF CAMPO FORMIO.

Triple attack on Austria-Moreau, Jourdan-Bonaparte inItaly-Condition of the Italian States-Professions and realintentions of Bonaparte and the Directory-Battle ofMontenotte-Armistice with Sardinia-Campaign in Lombardy-Treatmentof the Pope, Naples, Tuscany-Siege of Mantua- Castiglione-Moreauand Jourdan in Germany-Their retreat-Secret Treaty withPrussia-Negotiations with England-Cispadane Republic-Rise of theidea of Italian Independence-Battles of Arcola and Rivoli-Peacewith the Pope at Tolentino-Venice-Preliminaries of Leoben-TheFrench in Venice-

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