[Illustration: Sir Frederick Roberts]

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THE AFGHAN WARS 1839-42 AND 1878-80

by ARCHIBALD FORBES

With Portraits and Plans

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CONTENTS

PART I.—THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR

CHAP.

I.—PRELIMINARY

II.—THE MARCH TO CABUL

III.—THE FIRST YEAR OF OCCUPATION

IV.—THE SECOND YEAR OF OCCUPATION

V.—THE BEGINNING OF THE END

VI.—THE ROAD TO RUIN

VII.—THE CATASTROPHE

VIII.—THE SIEGE AND DEFENCE OF JELLALABAD

IX.—RETRIBUTION AND RESCUE

PART II.—THE SECOND AFGHAN WAR

I.—THE FIRST CAMPAIGN

II.—THE OPENING OF THE SECOND CAMPAIGN

III.—THE LULL BEFORE THE STORM

IV.—THE DECEMBER STORM

V.—ON THE DEFENSIVE IN SHERPUR

VI.—AHMED KHEL

VII.—THE AMEER ABDURRAHMAN

VIII.—MAIWAND AND THE GREAT MARCH

IX.—THE BATTLE OF CANDAHAR

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PLANS

PORTRAIT OF SIR FREDERICK ROBERTS Frontispiece

PLAN OF CABUL, THE CANTONMENT

PORTRAIT OF SIR GEORGE POLLOCK

PORTRAIT OF SIR LOUIS CAVAGNARI AND SIRDARS

PLAN OF CABUL SHOWING THE ACTIONS, DEC. 11-14

PLAN OF ACTION, AHMED KHEL

PORTRAIT OF THE AMEER ABDURRAHMAN

PLAN OF THE ACTION OF MAIWAND

PLAN OF THE ACTION OF CANDAHAR

The Portraits of Sir G. Pollock and Sir F. Roberts are engraved bypermission of Messrs Henry Graves & Co.

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THE AFGHAN WARS

PART I: THE FIRST AFGHAN WAR

CHAPTER I: PRELIMINARY

Since it was the British complications with Persia which mainlyfurnished what pretext there was for the invasion of Afghanistan by anAnglo-Indian army in 1839, some brief recital is necessary of therelations between Great Britain and Persia prior to that aggression.

By a treaty, concluded between England and Persia in 1814, the formerstate bound itself, in case of the invasion of Persia by any Europeannation, to aid the Shah either with troops from India or by the paymentof an annual subsidy in support of his war expenses. It was a dangerousengagement, even with the caveat rendering the undertaking inoperativeif such invasion should be provoked by Persia. During the fiercestruggle of 1825-7, between Abbas Meerza and the Russian GeneralPaskevitch, England refrained from supporting Persia either with men orwith money, and when prostrate Persia was in financial extremitiesbecause of the war indemnity which the treaty of Turkmanchai imposedupon her, England took advantage of her needs by purchasing thecancellation of the inconvenient obligation at the cheap cost of about£300,000. It was the natural result of this transaction that Englishinfluence with the Persian Court should sensibly decline, and it was notless natural th

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