2

THE ENCLOSURES IN ENGLAND


STUDIES IN HISTORY, ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC LAW

EDITED BY THE FACULTY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE OF

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

 

Volume LXXX]  [Number 2

 

Whole Number 186


THE ENCLOSURES IN ENGLAND

AN ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION

 

BY

HARRIETT BRADLEY, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Economics, Vassar College
Sometime University Fellow in Economics

 

New York

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., AGENTS

London: P.S. King & Son, Ltd.
1918

"It fareth with the earth as with
other creatures that through
continual labour grow faint and
feeble-hearted."
From speech made in the House of Commons, 1597

To

EMILIE LOUISE WELLS


[Pg 9/165]

CONTENTS

 

 Page
Introduction
The subject of inquiry—No attempt hitherto made to verify thedifferent hypothetical explanations of the enclosures—Nature of theevidence.
11
CHAPTER I
The Price of Wool
Accepted theory of enclosure movement based on price ofwool—Enclosures began independently of Black Death and beforeexpansion of woollen industry—Price of wool low as compared with thatof wheat in enclosure period—Seventeenth-century conversions ofpasture to arable—Of arable to pasture—Conversion not explained bychange in prices or wages—Double conversion movement due to conditionof soil—Summary.
18
CHAPTER II
The Fertility of the Common Fields
Dr. Russell on soil fertility—Insufficient manure—Statisticalindications of yield—Compulsory land-holding—Desertion ofvillains—Commutation of services on terms advantageous to serf—Lowrent obtained when bond land was leased—Remission ofservices—Changes due to economic need, not desired for improvedsocial status—Poverty of villains—Cultivation of demesneunprofitable.
44
CHAPTER III
The Disintegration of the Open Fields
Growing irregularity of holdings—Consolidation of holdings—Turfboundaries plowed under—Lea land—Restoration of fertility—Enclosureby tenants—Land used alternately as pasture and arable—Summary ofchanges.
73
CHAPTER IV[Pg 10/166]
Enclosure For Sheep Pasture
Enclosure by small tenants difficult—Open-field tenantsunprofitable—Low rents—Neglect of land—High cost ofliving—Enclosure even
...

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